What is Pancreatitis?
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas that can present suddenly (acute pancreatitis) or persist over time (chronic pancreatitis). Acute pancreatitis often resolves with treatment, whereas chronic pancreatitis causes long-term damage and can permanently affect digestion and insulin production. Both conditions can range from mild discomfort to life-threatening illness.
What are the Causes of Pancreatitis?
The causes differ slightly between acute and chronic forms, although some overlap exists:
Common causes of acute pancreatitis include:
- Gallstones blocking the pancreatic duct
- Excessive alcohol consumption
- Certain medications
- Elevated blood fats (triglycerides)
- Abdominal injury or surgery
- Viral infections
Common causes of chronic pancreatitis include:
- Long-term heavy alcohol use
- Repeated acute attacks
- Genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis
- Autoimmune disease
- Metabolic abnormalities
What are the Symptoms of Pancreatitis?
Symptoms vary, but characteristic signs include:
Acute pancreatitis:
- Severe upper abdominal pain that may radiate to the back
- Nausea and vomiting
- Fever
- Abdominal tenderness and swelling
Chronic pancreatitis:
- Recurrent abdominal pain
- Unintentional weight loss
- Fatty, pale stools (steatorrhoea)
- Diabetes due to pancreatic damage
How is Pancreatitis Diagnosed?
Diagnosis is based on clinical evaluation, blood tests, and imaging. Raised pancreatic enzymes (amylase and lipase) suggest acute disease. Ultrasound, CT scan, MRI, or endoscopic ultrasound may identify inflammation, structural damage, or gallstones. Chronic disease may require more advanced imaging and pancreatic function testing.
What are the Treatment Options for Pancreatitis?
Treatment for acute pancreatitis focuses on intravenous fluids, pain control, nutritional support, and managing complications, sometimes including gallstone removal. Chronic pancreatitis requires long-term pain management, enzyme replacement therapy, dietary modification, alcohol cessation, and diabetes management. In selected cases, endoscopic or surgical intervention may be necessary to relieve obstruction or persistent pain.